Especially, the P 0.1 index, which indicates how the autonomous power is 'concentrated' at 0.1 Hz in the PSD spectrum, demonstrated the superiority of combining haptic with visual sensory inputs in potentiating cardiac coherence (0.55 ± 0.20 for visuo-haptic vs. The interest of introducing haptic breathing to achieve cardiac coherence was shown in the haptic and visuo-haptic groups. The effects of guidance on the (adequate) breathing pattern and heart rate variability (HRV) were analyzed. Thirty-two healthy students (sixteen males) were divided into three groups that experienced five minutes of either visual, haptic and visuo-haptic guided breathing at 0.1 Hz. We explored the effectiveness of cardiac coherence in three guidance conditions: visual, haptic and visuo-haptic breathing. Here, we present a device that is able to deliver visual and haptic cues, as well as HRV biofeedback information to guide the user in maintaining a 0.1 Hz breathing frequency. These stimulations have been shown to improve vagal regulations, which results in obvious benefits for both mental and organic health. This maneuver allows respiratory-driven vagal modulations of the heart rate to superimpose with sympathetic modulations occurring at 0.1 Hz, thereby maximizing autonomous power in heart-to-brain connections. Cardiac coherence is a state achieved when one controls their breathing rate during the so-called resonance frequency breathing.
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